Theory of voice hearing
The human auditory system is very complex, so far, the human physiological structure of its auditory characteristics from physiological and anatomical point of view not fully explain. Therefore, the study of human auditory characteristics is currently limited in the psycho-acoustic and language acoustic.
The hearing range of the human ear of different strength, different frequencies of sound as the sound field. In the sound field within the scope of the human ear, the sound auditory subjective feelings of psychological characteristics such as loudness, pitch, timbre and the masking effect, high-frequency and orientation characteristics. Which loudness, pitch, tone, in subjective used to describe any complex sound with amplitude, frequency, and phase three physical quantities, it is also known as the voice of the "three elements"; in a variety of sources occasions, the human ear masking and other characteristics are more important, it is the basis of psychoacoustics. The following is a brief look at the above problem.
First, the voice of the three elements
A. Loudness
Loudness, also known as the sound intensity or volume, it represents the degree of the strength of the sound energy, mainly depends on the size of the acoustic wave amplitude. The loudness of the sound is generally sound pressure (dyne / square centimeter), or sound intensity (watts / square cm) to measure the sound pressure unit Pa (Pa), and the reference sound pressure ratio on the value known as the SPL , is expressed in decibels (dB). The psychological feeling of loudness, the general unit of Song (Sone,) to measure and define the 1-kHz, 40dB pure tone loudness for a Song. The relative amounts of loudness called the loudness level, it represents a loudness reference loudness ratio of value units for the port side (phon), that is, when the human ear was 1kHz single frequency pure tone of a voice sound the same, the sound The sound pressure level in decibels that is, its loudness level. Visible, both in objective and subjective concept of these two units are completely different, in addition to 1kHz pure tone, the sound pressure level values are generally not equal to the value of the loudness level, to use.
Loudness is the basis of the hearing. The intensity of the normal hearing range of 0dB-140dB (-5dB-130dB). Of course, beyond the sound of the human ear's audible frequency range (frequency domain), even if the loudness is big, the human ear can not sense the (loudness zero). However, in the human ear's audible frequency domain, if the sound is weak to or strong to a certain extent, the human ear also can not hear it. When the voice weakened to the human ear could hear just the sound intensity at this time known as the "threshold of hearing. Generally the subject of 1kHz pure tone measurement, the human ear can just hear the sound pressure 0dB (usually greater than 0.3dB feelings), sound intensity 10 - 16W/cm2 when the loudness level set to 0 square. When the sound enhancement to make the ear pain, this threshold is called the "pain threshold". Still 1kHz pure tone subject to measurement, makes the ear feel pain when the sound pressure level of approximately 140dB or so.
The experiments showed that the smell threshold and pain threshold is simply repeating pressure, frequency change. The smell threshold and pain threshold varies with frequency, loudness curves (Fletcher - Munson curve) the area between the human hearing range. Usually 1kHz pure tone, 0dB-20dB for the quiet sound of 30dB - 40dB for the faint sound of 50dB-70dB for the normal sound of 80dB-100dB sonorant sound, 110dB-130dB for the very sound. Audible sound other than 1kHz, at the same level such as loudness curve numerous equivalent sound pressure - frequency value, for example, the sound of 30dB 200Hz and 1kHz 10dB sound human ears have the same loudness This is the so-called "equal loudness". Less than 0dB smell threshold and greater than 140dB pain threshold to not listen to the sound, even if it is the sound of the human ear is most sensitive frequency range, also invisible to the human ear. The human ear to different frequencies of sound above threshold and pain threshold sensitivity is not the same. The human ear's threshold of pain by frequency of smell threshold with frequency is quite severe. The human ear is most sensitive to 3kHz-5kHz sound slightly the voice signal by the human ear to hear, in the low frequency region (less than 800Hz) and high frequency region (eg, greater than 5kHz) the sensitivity of the human ear to sound is much lower. Loudness level is small, the high, low frequency sound sensitivity lower than the low-frequency band than the high frequency band sensitivity decrease is more severe, generally should pay special attention to enhance low frequency sound. Usually 200Hz - 3kHz voice pressure to 80dB-90dB best SPL to 60dB-70dB is appropriate, a wide frequency range music.
Two. Pitch
Pitch, also known as tone, said the level of subjective feelings of the human ear to sound tone. Objective on the pitch size depends on the level of frequency by the sound of Porgy, the high frequency of the tone, and vice versa, in units of hertz (Hz). Pitch unit of the subjective feeling of "beauty" is usually defined loudness of 40 1kHz pure tone pitch for the 1000 America. Hertz and "beauty" is also said that the pitch of the two different concepts and have the contact unit.
The human ear loudness feeling a from Wen threshold to pain threshold range. The human ear on the frequency of feeling the same one from the lowest audible frequency 20Hz to the highest audible frequency do the range of 20kHz. The measurement of loudness is 1kHz pure tone as a benchmark, the same pitch measurement is 40dB sound intensity pure tone as a benchmark. Experimental results show that changes and non-linear relationship between pitch and frequency, outside in addition to frequency, pitch and loudness of the sound and waveforms. Pitch changes and the two relative frequency change is proportional to the logarithm. Regardless of the original frequency, as long as the two 40dB pure tone frequency increase of one octave (ie, doubled), the pitch change is perceived by the human ear. In musical acoustics, the continuous change of pitch is called portamento, an octave is equivalent to the musical octave. According to the actual feelings of the human ear to the pitch, the human voice frequency range can be relaxed to 80Hz - 12kHz, music is wider, the effect sound is wider.
3. Timbre
Tone or timbre, is determined by the harmonic spectrum of the sound waveform and envelope. The fundamental frequency of the sound waveform generated by the most clearly heard the sound known as pitch, harmonic minor vibration generated by the voice said overtone. Single frequency of sound is called a pure tone, harmonic sound called polyphony. Each pitch has a built-in frequency and loudness of overtones to take can be distinguished with the same loudness and pitch of voice. The proportion of all the harmonics of the sound waveform and decay with time determines the size of the sound characteristics of a variety of sound sources, the envelope is the connection between the peaks of each cycle, the envelope steep slow transient characteristics of the sound intensity. Voice sound colorful, ever-changing, high-fidelity (Hi-Fi) audio goal is to transfer as accurately as possible, restore, reconstruct the original sound field, all the characteristics to make people feel such as sound source localization sense of space surrounded by a sense of fact, level thickness flu spot to listen to a sense of three-dimensional surround sound effect.
In addition, the value of other physical characteristics of the characterization of sound: sound, also known as a sound long, is determined by the length of the vibration duration. Lasted longer, the sound is long; short. From more than subjective description of the three main characteristics of the sound characteristics of human hearing is not completely linear. The sound reached the ear of the treatment, in addition to the pitch outside, but also generate various harmonics and their tone and difference tone, not all of these ingredients can be felt. Ears to the sound receiver, select, analyze, determine the function of loudness, pitch and timbre, for example, the human ear, the high-frequency sound signals can only be felt to have a decisive impact on the sound localization of time-domain waveform envelope (especially The fast-changing envelope delay) in the inner ear, and not feel a single-cycle waveforms and can not see how the frequency is very close to the direction of the high-frequency signal; and low resolution of sound amplitude, phase distortion is not sensitive. These involve complex issues of psychoacoustics and physiological acoustics.
Second, the human ear masking effect
A weak sound (masking sound), auditory perception by another strong sound (masking tone) of the phenomenon called "masking effect" of the human ear. The separate existence of the masking tone hearing threshold decibel value, or the minimum pure tone can be heard by the human ear in a quiet environment called absolute smell threshold. The experiments show that the 3kHz-5kHz Wen absolute minimum threshold, the faint sound of the human ear, it is the most sensitive; definitely smell threshold value is much greater in the low and high frequency region. Wen threshold with frequency 800Hz - 1500Hz range the most significant language in this range can be stored the highest. Masking case, increase masked the strength of the piano, and makes the ear can hear, smell threshold known as the masking to Wen threshold (or said masking threshold), known as masking the amount of masking the piano must improve the decibel value (or threshold shift ).
A. Masking effect
Existing experiments show that the pure tone pure tone, the masking effect of noise on pure-tone to the following conclusions:
A. pure tone masking
① the most effective in moderate-intensity pure tone masking is near its frequency.
② low-frequency pure tone can be effective in masking the high-frequency pure tone, which in turn is a very small role.
B. Noise pure tone masking noise is composed by a variety of pure tone, with infinitely wide spectrum
Masker is broadband noise masker for the pure tone, the masking threshold is generally higher than in the low frequency noise power spectral density of 17dB, and relatively flat; about every ten octave increase of more than 500Hz 10dB. Masker for narrow-band noise masker for the pure tone, the situation is more complicated. Which is located in the narrow-band noise masked by the pure tone component of the sound near the critical-band masking the most significant effect. The so-called critical band is a pure tone, with its center frequency, and with a certain bandwidth of the continuous noise masking, if the pure tone happens to be heard when the power is equal to the noise power in this band, then this bandwidth is called the critical bandwidth. Units of the critical band called Buck (a Bark), 1Bark = a critical bandwidth. Frequency less than 500Hz, 1Bark approximately equal to freq/100; frequency greater than 500Hz, 1Bark approximately equal to 9 +41 og (freq/1000), which is approximately 20% of the center frequency of a pure tone. Usually considered, there were 24 sub-20Hz - 16kHz within the critical band. When outside the critical band of a pure tone in the masker, the masking effect still exists.
Two. Masking type
(1) frequency-domain masking
The so-called frequency-domain masking is at the same time the role of the masker and the masking sound masking, also known as simultaneous masking. During this time, the masker in the masking effect has been to work, is a strong masking effect. Typically, a strong tone in the frequency domain masking with sound at the same time near the piano, piano from the more recent strong tone, generally the more easily masked; the contrary, from the distant strong tone of the piano is not easy to masking. For example, - to 1000Hz tone pitch than the other 900Hz 18dB, 900Hz audio will be to 1000Hz tone masking. To 1000Hz tone than away from it far another 1800Hz pitch 18dB, the two sounds will also be ears to hear. To 1800Hz audio can not hear the 1000Hz tone than 1800Hz pitch 45dB. In general, the low-frequency sound easy masking the high-frequency sound; strong tone at a distance of more distant, Wen absolute threshold than the strong tone masking threshold, then the noise masking threshold shall be taken as absolute smell threshold .
Temporal masking (2)
The so-called time-domain masking is the masking effect occurs when the masker and the masker does not appear, also known as masking when different. Differences when the shelter is divided into the guide before masking and lag masking. Occurred in the period of time if the masking sound appears prior to the masking effect is called forward masking guide; otherwise known as the lag masking. Generated when the domain masking the main reason is the human brain to process information takes a certain amount of time differences when the shelter over time will soon decay, a weak masking effect. Under normal circumstances, the guide before masking only 3ms-20ms lag masking can last for 50ms-100ms.
Basic musical concepts
Sound, sound level, sound column, chromatic and whole tone
The sum of the basics of music used in the music, called "music system".
Sound music system, called "sound level". The sound level and sound. The sound level refers specifically to the music, sound, including music and noise.
Audio music system in accordance with a certain pitch relations and the level of order, from lowest to highest or highest to the lowest, called the "tone". Music system, the smallest unit of measurement of the pitch relations called "chromatic". Semitone and chromatic, called the "tritone". The whole tone and semitone, refers to the level of relations between the two pitch-class, do not mix with a single tone level.
Tonality (Tonality)
Tonality (Tonality) simple, is 24 size of the tune.
However, this is how to generate it? First of all, we should scale to be aware of. Basically Western music is based on the seven-tone scales, we can learn from sheet music, musical notes according to the order of lines between, the only C and D and E, F, G and A, B, seven different musical alphabet.
However, the previously mentioned generally used a total of twelve different sound, it is because the distance of more than seven of the interval between the tone, the tone and sound is not all semitones. C major, for example, C, D, E, F, G and A and B, and C, * the arrangement between the F and B, and C * semitone interval, the interval between the rest of the sound tritone.
We have to know classical music from the Baroque period has been so far, is the creation of the vast majority of tonal music-based. Modern music, although there are non-tonal (atonal) music generation, but basically we still used to accept atonal music.
Pop music is still unable to transcend the norms of atonal music. Why is this so? For example, a person from their homes and out, regardless of the place to go and how far or how long to leave the final total should go back home. Each tune in the yard of the atonal music of the most important is the tonic (the tonic), the music usually tonic or main chord at the end is going back to the tonic or main chord. The most important significance of this model is that the music has a strong sense of direction.
The source of this sense of direction is on the scale of the arrangement. We call the distance between two notes of the interval, if the same interval between the notes of a scale, it can be said that the distance between them is the same as the closeness of the points. So will the lack of a trend, naturally not carried out in the direction at all. Therefore, we can understand the importance of the two groups semitone interval location in the size of the tune.
Below the scale of each tone name order listed: the tonic (the tonic), on the tonic (supertonic), midrange (mediant), subdominant (subdominant), is a tone (dominant) under alto (submediant), Pilot - ( The leading tone), octave (octave).
Therefore twelve tone each to become the lead singer of a tune, so will be the 12 major and 12 small tune, a total which is the size of the tune called twenty-four.
Triads and seventh chords
Triad:
The composition of the triad is a chord of three sounds made by three superimposed. The bottom chord of sound is called the root, root on the three-octave called the three-tone, five octave on the root called pentameter.
(1) junior chords. Root with three tones apart for the major third, root and pentameter apart for the pure triad of five degrees.
(2) triad. Root with three tones apart for a minor third, root and pentameter apart for the pure triad of five degrees.
(3) Less triad. Root with three tones apart for a minor third, root and pentameter away from minus five degrees of the triad.
(4) augmented triads. Root with three tone away from the major third, the root and pentameter apart by five degrees of the triad.
Basic Music Theory ---- seventh chord
Seventh chord
The composition of the seventh chord is made of three superimposed by the four tone chords, its distinguishing feature is the root and the top of the sound away from the seven degrees, and named the seventh chord.
(1) Size seventh chord. Junior chord root and Qiyin apart for minor seventh chords. Also known as the dominant seventh chord
(2) major seventh chord. Junior chord root and Qiyin apart for a seventh chord.
(3) minor seventh chords. Small triad, root and Qiyin apart for minor seventh chord.
(4) diminished seventh chords. Less triad-based, root and Qiyin apart to minus seven degrees of the chord.
(5) reduce the seventh chord. Less triad-based, root and Qiyin apart for minor seventh chords. Also known as guided seventh chord.
Melody, harmony, intensity, timbre
Melody
The melody is also called the tune, it is the organization with sound lines. It occupies a most important position in the musical works. Give it a try, listen to a song you never heard of, the first thing you hear is the melody? The last left the deepest impression is not the melody? Your answer will be positive, said the performance of music content, the most important means of melody.
Harmony
Harmony is the chord sequence of a single chord linking according to certain rules. Harmony on the basis of the tuning, it helps the melody richer performance of the musical content. Chords by sound more than three by three superimposed together. To establish the main chords in the chord on the 1,3,5 or three tone tuning tonic called to establish that the man of the subdominant chord, three tones at the same time to pronounce sounds than a sound the sound nice and vigorous.
The intensity of
The intensity is also an important means of expression, musical works, the intensity of the stronger, the music is more intense, grandiose, the weaker the intensity of the music the more moderate, tactful, musical works often use the strength of contrast to the approach to the development of music.
Timbre
Sound as if the colors in the painting, the music is extremely attractive, an important means of expression that can directly touch the senses. The sound can be divided into vocal colors and instrumental timbre. In which the human voice of color is divided into male and female high school bass, instrumental mono color is divided into the sound of stringed instruments and wind instruments sound and percussion sounds.
The basic genre of instrumental
Genre works of art styles and types (species). "Musical form" refers to the structure and layout of the music in the continuity of the deployment process, the genre of the song refers to the characteristics of the music in the style of music and nature. This is a song two. The formation of the different genres of instrumental music, with their respective applications and performance purposes, the occasion of the performance characteristics of the tendency of music content, tone and rhythm, the music style of the characteristics relevant.
[Prelude] (Pre1ude) original is the meaning of "order", "Introduction". It is a single theme, medium and small instrumental music. Some music before the primer from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, initially often jam session, audition instrument tune, the activities of the fingers and preparation behind the music into the role. Many composers have an independent piano Preludes. 19th century Western opera, music drama of the opening or foreground music also known as the "Prelude" are different, the meaning of the above independent genre Prelude.
[Overture (Overture) one of the music genre. Originally referred to the opening music of the opera, oratorio and other works of the seventeenth and eighteenth-century opera overture is divided into the "French Overture" and "Italian overture" categories. The former is the polyphonic style, consisting of three paragraphs of the Adagio, Allegro, Adagio, the middle, the last paragraph of the shorter form of the Fugue; the latter the main tune style, consisting of three paragraphs of the Allegro, Adagio, Allegro, and later Symphony that the resulting evolved. 19th centuries, from Beethoven began, the composer often used this genre to be written independent of instrumental music, and its structure most of the sonata form and title. Such as Beethoven's "Keliaolan Overture, Tchaikovsky's" 1812 Overture "and so on.
Divertimento] (Divertimento), including a number of music or movement sets of instrumental or vocal music, the theme of internal relations and the development of consistent relationship. Such as Tchaikovsky's piano divertimento "Four Seasons", Schubert's song cycle "beautiful Mill Girls", and so on. Recognize a broad sense, the sonata, symphony, suite, cantata are.
[Minuet (Menuet) a three-beat dance originated in the private sector in Western Europe, popular in the French court, named for its dance steps is small. Mean speed, can depict a lot of etiquette on the dynamic, elegant style. The early nineteenth century, the minuet constitute the third movement of Symphony Sonata Divertimento, and later was replaced by the scherzo.
[Scherzo (Scherzo) Scherzo, also known as the Scherzo, a three-beat music. Its main feature is active rhythm, faster, and often unexpected strength of contrast. It often appear as the third movement in the symphony and other divertimento, to replace the court style of the minuet.
[One of the Western polyphony of musical form and genre of the Fugue (the Fuga), also known as the "fugue", which means chasing, Dunzou. It is a polyphony of the most complex and rigorous form of curved body. The basic feature is the use of imitation of the alignment method, a simple feature-rich theme in part of the music rotation (exposition); and then enter the inserted segment evolved partly motivated by the subject, then the theme and inserted segment in the various new tune on a recurring (Expand the Department); until the last theme is returned to the original tune (recapitulation), and often end in the end.
[Canon (Canon) a kind of polyphony, meaning "law". The same melody has appeared in part to the same degree or five degrees of height, causing one after another continuously imitation, strict imitation alignment.
[Etude (Etude) is used to improve the skills of instrumental music. It usually contains one or several particular technical subjects. Chopin for its founder. This instrument Etude In addition to used to practice skills, but also has a high degree of artistry and stage effects. Liszt, Debussy and so create such Etude.
[Romanza (Romance) refers to a fixed form of lyrical ballad or short instrumental. Which is characterized by: tunes expression meticulous and lyrics, accompaniment than the rich.
[Rhapsody] (Rhapsodie), a technique difficult and epic instrumental music. By street artist singing folk narrative poem fragment of the original ancient Greek period, the beginning of the nineteenth century instrumental genre. Is characterized by 19 full of national characteristics, or the direct use of folk song withered, such as Liszt's "Hungarian Rhapsody" Ravel's "Spanish Rhapsody".
[Fantasia (Fantasia) containing a romantic without a fixed musical form of instrumental ballade. Originally referred to an organ or clavichord improvisational solo. Eighteenth century from the use of Russian folk music written orchestral 卡玛林斯卡 Asia "Fantasia, Fantasia became independent instrumental music, such as Glinka.
[Inventions (Invention) it is to imitate the main polyphony of the genre name, is a polyphonic structure of the piano ditty, improvisation based on a musical motives evolved, like fugue, and so on.
[Toccata (Toccata), also known as the "Toccata", it is a rich free improvisation of the keyboard music
[Sarabande (Sarabande) dance a. According to the situation originated in Persia, passed in the early sixteenth century Spain. Banned by the church because the ambience is warm and imaginative. The 16th century is not passed in France, and gradually evolved a slow, solemn tone, dance, commonly used in the aristocracy and ballet. The structure of the Rings-style rhythm in triple time; the sound of the second beat, at a time long and prominent.
[Tarantella tarantella,】 (Tanantella) was originally a folk dance of southern Italy. Rumored: a poisonous spider Talantula "(Tarantula) bites people, must be intense dance before they can detoxify the tarantella dance that the origin of this said, another said that this dance is produced in Taranto more than the city name. Its characteristics: speed, 6/8 or 3/4 beat, the main rhythm is continuous triplets, feeling warm.
[Impromptu (Impromptu) It was originally the name of the genre of the piano solo after solo music for other instruments. It is an improvised instrumental piece, often by the excitement of the paragraph and profound lyrical paragraphs, so the most complex trilogy style.
[Nocturne] (of Nocturne) originally referred to the Western aristocracy in the eighteenth century the popular instrumental divertimento, crisp and elegant, often at night, open play, similar to the "Serenade".
[Serenade (Serenade) originally referred to the love song genre of singing the lover under the window in the evening or at night, so the tunes are often cordial lyrical. In the eighteenth century there is more movement of the trio or ensemble Serenade Feasts when the nobles to help music, lively tunes lighter, and has nothing to do with love, belong to the chamber music genre.
[Wordless song (Song without Words -) (no word song) it is the melody like a song, figurations accompaniment, but no lyrics, not for use in singing ballads like instrumental pieces. Pioneered by Mendelssohn.
[Lullaby (Lullaby), also known as a lullaby, it was originally a mother to soothe children to sleep in the songs, usually very brief. Soft and sweet melody the accompaniment rhythm pattern often with the cradle of a sense of turmoil.
[The Capriccioso] (the Caprice), also known as Fantasia, would like different music, similar in nature to Fantasia, but also for free, size indeterminate, refers to a fanciful improvisation instrumental genre, endowed format, divertimento form.
[Waltz (Waltz,) also known as the "waltz", originated in a private three-tempo dance in northern Austria. Waltz points, walk two, two pairs of rotating in the dance. Seventeenth and eighteenth centuries popular in Vienna court, speed, getting faster, and the beginning for urban social dance. The 19th century, popular in European countries. Waltz of the now prevailing, most of the Viennese waltz, speed of the Allegretto, which is characterized by a crisp, smooth melody section Qin; per measure commonly used in the accompaniment of a chord, more prominent accent the first beat, the famous Waltz John Cityray, Rolls "Blue Danube" Weber's "Invitation to the Dance".
[Mazurka (Mazurka), a folk dance in Poland, the movements of sliding pairs of rotating the woman around the man and brisk running. Mazurka's music is characterized by: medium speed, beat, accented change more to fall to the second, three beats common mood lively and enthusiastic.
[Waltz (Waltz,) also known as the "waltz", originated in a private three-tempo dance in northern Austria. Waltz points, walk two, two pairs of rotating in the dance. Seventeenth and eighteenth centuries popular in Vienna court, speed, getting faster, and the beginning for urban social dance. The 19th century, popular in European countries. Waltz of the now prevailing, most of the Viennese waltz, speed of the Allegretto, which is characterized by a crisp, smooth melody section Qin; per measure commonly used in the accompaniment of a chord, more prominent accent the first beat, the famous Waltz John Cityray, Rolls "Blue Danube" Weber's "Invitation to the Dance".
[Mazurka (Mazurka), a folk dance in Poland, the movements of sliding pairs of rotating the woman around the man and brisk running. Mazurka's music is characterized by: medium speed, beat, accented change more to fall to the second, three beats common mood lively and enthusiastic.
[Poirot mayonnaise (Polonaise), also known as the "Polonaise" a solemn and slow, with the nobility of the three-beat dance from Polish folk.
[Polka (Polka.), A Czech folk dance to men and women on the dance-based, and its basic movements composed by two stepping, usually two beat.
[Concerto (the Concerto) refers to the large-scale instrumental works synergy played a solo instrument and orchestra. It is characterized by the solo part has a distinct personality and a high degree of skill. Soloist and orchestra in the music, often in turn appear mutual exchanges along these lines, echoes, and compete for playing. Solo band in the accompaniment status, will be played solo instruments, repose, entirely by the band playing. The founder of the classical concerto, Mozart. Concerto is generally divided into three movements: the first movement is a passionate allegro, vibrant use of sonata form, music; The second movement is beautiful, lyrical Adagio, music with a narrative style; The third movement is a dance of joy, music booming strong, active and unrestrained. Plus a solo instrument playing alone often before the end of the second movement cadenza, to demonstrate a high level of playing skills. In the creation of the modern concerto, a coloratura soprano solo (no words) and vocal band concerto concerto.
[Suite (Suite) it is "continue", "continuous" meaning the divertimento by a number of instrumental music, each song has a relative independence Suite have a classical, modern points. Classical Suite, also known as "Dance Suite" rise of between 17 to 18 centuries, it uses the same tune a variety of dance connection is made, but in contrast to the speed and beat each other, such as the clavichord of Bach's Suite. Modern Suite, also known as the "plot" Suite, the rise in the 19th century, compiled selected a number of songs from opera, ballet, drama, music or film music. Some suite is written in accordance with the specific title of the content or folk music material, such as the Norwegian composer Grieg's "Peer Gynt Suite", the Russian composer Rimsky "She Hela Chadha", the Czech composer Dvorak's Czech Suite.
A single-movement symphonic poem (Symphonic poem individual) has a description and narrative, lyric and dramatic orchestral music, is the scope of the title music. Hungarian composer Franz Liszt in 1850, pioneered the genre, and later developed it. The subjects of the symphonic poem taken from literature, poetry, drama, painting and historical legends, poetic content; eclectic of musical form, often in accordance with the principles of sonata form, free play, is also useful Variations type trilogy or the freedom of musical form written. Another Poem, Poem, symphonic fairy tale, symphonic legend genre, are similar to the nature of the symphonic poem.
[Sonata (Sonata,) was originally in Italian, it comes from the Latin "Sonare" (ringing), and "Cantata" (Contador ride chorus) word as opposed to, is one of the genre of large-scale song cycle original intent was to use vocal music ", a" ringing "and a" singing " At first, the Sonata is the instrumental music refers to a variety of structures, to the works of the late seventeenth century Italian composer Ke column began with a few reciprocal movement composed of divertimento-sonatas. Side of the eighteenth century stereotypes three movements. (Haydn, Mozart's Piano Sonata in three movements.) "Sonata - Symphony divertimento later added a" minuet "movement, inserted between the second and third movement, into four movement "Sonata - Symphony divertimento." To Beethoven's "Scherzo" instead of "Minuet", later composers Waltz "as the third movement. Sonata in the structure of a similar suite of music, but it and Symphony less open, it is one of the genre in the form of a large divertimento.
A [large-scale cantata (Cantata) Vocal divertimento genre. The original intent was to vocal music. Secular narrative divertimento was originally a solo or quartet, alternating arias and recitatives composed of mid-seventeenth century, came to Germany, then developed into an include solo, ensemble, will sing the song cycle, secular or Bible stories as a theme. "Cantatas" in the form of "oratorio" are similar, only smaller; its emphasis on the lyrical, the story than simple.
[Oratorio] (Oratorio) translated as "divine drama" and "sacred drama". It is a large vocal divertimento genre. Including solo (withered chant, recitative), quartet chorus and orchestra, etc., the end of the sixteenth century originated in Rome, early Bible therefore take as a theme, make-up performances, followed by secular subjects. The mid-seventeenth century, before the development of make-up concert work, in which the chorus in a major position.
[Symphony (Symphony) comes from the Greek "together sound, is the major instrumental genre, also known as" Symphony ", the Department of Music in orchestral divertimento. Symphony to produce a direct link with the seventeenth and eighteenth century France, the Italian opera overture and was popular in countries orchestral suites, large-scale concerto genre. Structure, generally a four-movement symphony (there are only two movements, or more than five movements), the characteristics of each movement are as follows:
The first movement: the sonata form structure, their music is characterized by quick, lively main theme of the dramatic performance of the people's struggle and creative activity. It emphasizes the different image contrast and dramatic development is the core of the idea of the whole song. Movement common to summarize the whole song is the basic image of slow overtures.
The second movement: slow tune, cantabile, is the lyrical center of the symphony. Under the major or minor in relations. Its musical form often expand the Department), a single, complex trilogy of style, or variations type of sonata form (can be omitted, with the lyric. The second movement is often manifested in philosophy, humanitarian spirit, love life, natural scenery, its contents and the deep feelings and philosophical thinking. Highlight people's feelings and inner experience.
The third movement: speed, quick, can return to the main theme, often minuet or scherzo, the type of complex trilogy, Variations type, with a dance sex.
This movement of the Classical Symphony, often describe people of leisure, rest, recreation and play and other daily life scene, as well as a lively and humorous mood.
Fourth movement: very fast, the main withered more than Rondo type, swing sonata form or sonata form structure, it is often the performance of the birth including the brilliant and optimism, often manifested in the life, customs, and the victory of the struggle, festive carnival scene. . It is the outcome of the whole song, have a definite nature.
Therefore, the symphony is a musical works, the most profound ideological content, the most perfect structure, and writing skills is the most comprehensive and difficult large-scale instrumental music genre, it is the performance of social events, historical heroes, the nature of the ever-changing and full of philosophical thinking as well as people fighting for lofty ideals, is known; it total with a certain degree of dramatic.
